Tax, Audit, Firm and Regulatory News

The balance sheet — which shows a company’s assets and liabilities — is a logical starting point for valuing certain types of businesses. The cost (or asset) approach specifically focuses on this part of a company’s financial statements. Here’s an overview to help you understand this valuation technique.

How does it work?

When valuation professionals apply the cost approach, they convert the book values reported on the balance sheet to their respective fair market values. There are three key reasons that book value may not reflect fair market value to a hypothetical buyer or seller:

1. Use of historic cost. Under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), assets are recorded at historic cost. Over time, the historic cost may understate market value for appreciable assets, such as marketable securities and real estate.

2. Cash or tax-basis reporting. Private companies that don’t follow GAAP may exclude accruals (such as accounts receivable and payable) and rely on accelerated depreciation methods that understate the market value of fixed assets.

3. Unreported items. Internally generated intangible assets — such as customer lists, brands, and goodwill — are excluded from balance sheets prepared in accordance with GAAP unless they were acquired from other companies. Balance sheets also might not include contingent liabilities, such as pending litigation or an IRS audit.

Under the cost approach, it’s important to identify all the company’s assets and liabilities, including those that aren’t recorded on the balance sheet. This process often requires significant time and effort. In addition, revaluing certain assets — such as machinery, equipment, and real estate — may require separate appraisals by outside specialists.

When might it be appropriate?

The cost approach is sometimes the preferred methodology for litigation purposes because it’s perceived as straightforward. This is often true for asset holding companies and those that rely heavily on their “hard” assets, especially when liquidation is imminent. It may also be useful when the parties present conflicting appraisal evidence.

For example, the Nebraska Supreme Court — in Bohac v. Benes Service Co., No. S-21-133 (Neb. Jan. 14, 2022) — turned to this approach to determine the value of a dissenting shareholder’s interest in a family-owned farming operation. In this case, both valuation experts agreed that the market approach didn’t apply because there were insufficient comparable transactions.

Here, the court ruled that the cost approach was appropriate — even though the business was a viable going concern — because the business relied heavily on tangible assets, such as equipment and parts inventory. Plus, the value derived using the cost approach was higher than the experts’ values derived from the income approach. So, the cost approach effectively provided a “floor” for the company’s value. The court opined that reasonable sellers typically won’t accept less than net asset value for a business unless they’re under duress to sell.

Is it right for your situation?

The cost approach isn’t necessarily used in every valuation assignment. Contact us to discuss the pros and cons of this approach. Our valuation experts can answer any additional questions you might have about this and other valuation techniques.

© 2022

 

Related News Posts

Tax obligations for household employees

Tax obligations for household employees

Hiring household help, such as nannies or housekeepers, brings convenience but also labels you as an employer with specific tax duties. This guide will walk you through your responsibilities, from classifying workers correctly to navigating Social Security and unemployment taxes, ensuring a compliant and rewarding experience for both you and your employees.

read more
Tax implications of property upgrades: repairs vs. improvements

Tax implications of property upgrades: repairs vs. improvements

Navigating the fine line between repairs and improvements on your property can significantly impact your tax liabilities. Discover how the IRS classifies these expenses, explore key safe harbors, and learn strategies to maximize your tax benefits. Dive into this comprehensive guide to ensure you’re making informed financial decisions when tackling property-related projects.

read more